#include "public.h" /* * Atmospheric scattering, based on E. Bruneton and F.Neyret work. * http://evasion.inrialpes.fr/~Eric.Bruneton/ */ #if 1 #include #include #include "../system.h" #define TRANSMITTANCE_NON_LINEAR #define INSCATTER_NON_LINEAR #define FIX static const double Rg = 6360.0; static const double Rt = 6420.0; static const double RL = 6421.0; static const double exposure = 0.4; static const double ISun = 100.0; #define RES_MU 128 #define RES_MU_S 32 #define RES_R 32 #define RES_NU 8 #define TRANSMITTANCE_INTEGRAL_SAMPLES 500 /*#define SKY_W 64 #define SKY_H 16*/ #define SKY_W 640 #define SKY_H 160 typedef struct { int xsize; int ysize; Color* data; } Texture2D; typedef struct { int xsize; int ysize; int zsize; Color* data; } Texture3D; Texture2D _transmittanceTexture = {0, 0, 0}; Texture2D _irrDeltaETexture; Texture3D _inscatterSampler; // Rayleigh static const double HR = 8.0; static const Color betaR = {5.8e-3, 1.35e-2, 3.31e-2, 1.0}; // Mie // DEFAULT static const double HM = 1.2; static const Vector3 betaMSca = {4e-3, 4e-3, 4e-3}; static const Vector3 betaMEx = {4e-3 / 0.9, 4e-3 / 0.9, 4e-3 / 0.9}; static const double mieG = 0.8; // CLEAR SKY /*static const float HM = 1.2; static const vec3 betaMSca = vec3(20e-3); static const vec3 betaMEx = betaMSca / 0.9; static const float mieG = 0.76;*/ // PARTLY CLOUDY /*static const float HM = 3.0; static const vec3 betaMSca = vec3(3e-3); static const vec3 betaMEx = betaMSca / 0.9; static const float mieG = 0.65;*/ #define step(_a_,_b_) ((_a_) < (_b_) ? 0 : 1) #define max(_a_,_b_) ((_a_) > (_b_) ? (_a_) : (_b_)) #define min(_a_,_b_) ((_a_) < (_b_) ? (_a_) : (_b_)) #define sign(_a_) ((_a_) < 0.0 ? -1.0 : ((_a_) > 0.0 ? 1.0 : 0.0)) #define mix(_x_,_y_,_a_) ((_x_) * (1.0 - (_a_)) + (_y_) * (_a_)) static inline Color vec4mix(Color v1, Color v2, double a) { v1.r = mix(v1.r, v2.r, a); v1.g = mix(v1.g, v2.g, a); v1.b = mix(v1.b, v2.b, a); v1.a = mix(v1.a, v2.a, a); return v1; } static inline double clamp(double x, double minVal, double maxVal) { if (x < minVal) { x = minVal; } return (x > maxVal) ? maxVal : x; } static inline double smoothstep(double edge0, double edge1, double x) { double t = clamp((x - edge0) / (edge1 - edge0), 0.0, 1.0); return t * t * (3.0 - 2.0 * t); } static inline void _fixVec4Min(Color* vec, double minVal) { if (vec->r < minVal) { vec->r = minVal; } if (vec->g < minVal) { vec->g = minVal; } if (vec->b < minVal) { vec->b = minVal; } if (vec->a < minVal) { vec->a = minVal; } } static inline Color vec4max(Color vec, double minVal) { if (vec.r < minVal) { vec.r = minVal; } if (vec.g < minVal) { vec.g = minVal; } if (vec.b < minVal) { vec.b = minVal; } if (vec.a < minVal) { vec.a = minVal; } return vec; } static inline Vector3 vec3(double x, double y, double z) { Vector3 result; result.x = x; result.y = y; result.z = z; return result; } static inline Color vec4(double r, double g, double b, double a) { Color result; result.r = r; result.g = g; result.b = b; result.a = a; return result; } static Color _texture2D(Texture2D* tex, double x, double y) { if (x < 0.0) x = 0.0; if (x > 1.0) x = 1.0; if (y < 0.0) y = 0.0; if (y > 1.0) y = 1.0; /* TODO Interpolation */ int ix = (int)round(x * ((double)(tex->xsize - 1)) + 0.5); int iy = (int)round(y * ((double)(tex->ysize - 1)) + 0.5); return tex->data[iy * tex->xsize + ix]; } static Color _texture3D(Texture3D* tex, Vector3 p) { /* TODO Interpolation */ return tex->data[(int)(p.z * (tex->zsize - 1)) * tex->ysize * tex->xsize + (int)(p.y * (tex->ysize - 1)) * tex->xsize + (int)(p.x * (tex->xsize - 1))]; } static Color _texture4D(Texture3D* tex3d, double r, double mu, double muS, double nu) { double H = sqrt(Rt * Rt - Rg * Rg); double rho = sqrt(r * r - Rg * Rg); #ifdef INSCATTER_NON_LINEAR double rmu = r * mu; double delta = rmu * rmu - r * r + Rg * Rg; Color cst = (rmu < 0.0 && delta > 0.0) ? vec4(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5 - 0.5 / (double)(RES_MU)) : vec4(-1.0, H * H, H, 0.5 + 0.5 / (double)(RES_MU)); double uR = 0.5 / (double)(RES_R) + rho / H * (1.0 - 1.0 / (double)(RES_R)); double uMu = cst.a + (rmu * cst.r + sqrt(delta + cst.g)) / (rho + cst.b) * (0.5 - 1.0 / (double)(RES_MU)); // paper formula //float uMuS = 0.5 / (double)(RES_MU_S) + max((1.0 - exp(-3.0 * muS - 0.6)) / (1.0 - exp(-3.6)), 0.0) * (1.0 - 1.0 / (double)(RES_MU_S)); // better formula double uMuS = 0.5 / (double)(RES_MU_S) + (atan(max(muS, -0.1975) * tan(1.26 * 1.1)) / 1.1 + (1.0 - 0.26)) * 0.5 * (1.0 - 1.0 / (double)(RES_MU_S)); #else float uR = 0.5 / (double)(RES_R) + rho / H * (1.0 - 1.0 / (double)(RES_R)); float uMu = 0.5 / (double)(RES_MU) + (mu + 1.0) / 2.0 * (1.0 - 1.0 / (double)(RES_MU)); float uMuS = 0.5 / (double)(RES_MU_S) + max(muS + 0.2, 0.0) / 1.2 * (1.0 - 1.0 / (double)(RES_MU_S)); #endif double lerp = (nu + 1.0) / 2.0 * ((double)(RES_NU) - 1.0); double uNu = floor(lerp); lerp = lerp - uNu; return vec4mix(_texture3D(tex3d, vec3((uNu + uMuS + 1.0) / (double)(RES_NU), uMu, uR)), _texture3D(tex3d, vec3((uNu + uMuS) / (double)(RES_NU), uMu, uR)), lerp); } /* Rayleigh phase function */ static double _phaseFunctionR(double mu) { return (3.0 / (16.0 * M_PI)) * (1.0 + mu * mu); } /* Mie phase function */ static double _phaseFunctionM(double mu) { return 1.5 * 1.0 / (4.0 * M_PI) * (1.0 - mieG * mieG) * pow(1.0 + (mieG * mieG) - 2.0 * mieG * mu, -3.0 / 2.0) * (1.0 + mu * mu) / (2.0 + mieG * mieG); } /* approximated single Mie scattering (cf. approximate Cm in paragraph "Angular precision") */ Color getMie(Color rayMie) { Color result; result.r = rayMie.r * rayMie.a / max(rayMie.r, 1e-4) * (betaR.r / betaR.r); result.g = rayMie.g * rayMie.a / max(rayMie.r, 1e-4) * (betaR.r / betaR.g); result.b = rayMie.b * rayMie.a / max(rayMie.r, 1e-4) * (betaR.r / betaR.b); result.a = 1.0; return result; } /* optical depth for ray (r,mu) of length d, using analytic formula (mu=cos(view zenith angle)), intersections with ground ignored H=height scale of exponential density function */ static double _opticalDepth(double H, double r, double mu, double d) { double a = sqrt((0.5 / H) * r); double ax = a * (mu); double ay = a * (mu + d / r); double axs = sign(ax); double ays = sign(ay); double axq = ax * ax; double ayq = ay * ay; double x = ays > axs ? exp(axq) : 0.0; double yx = axs / (2.3193 * fabs(ax) + sqrt(1.52 * axq + 4.0)); double yy = ays / (2.3193 * fabs(ay) + sqrt(1.52 * ayq + 4.0)) * exp(-d / H * (d / (2.0 * r) + mu)); return sqrt((6.2831 * H) * r) * exp((Rg - r) / H) * (x + yx - yy); } static Texture3D _precomputeInscatterSampler() { Texture3D result; int x, y; #if 0 result.xsize = 256; result.ysize = 64; result.data = malloc(sizeof(Color) * result.xsize * result.ysize); /* TODO free */ for (x = 0; x < result.xsize; x++) { for (y = 0; y < result.ysize; y++) { double r, muS; _getTransmittanceRMu((double)x / result.xsize, (double)y / result.ysize, &r, &muS); double depth1 = _opticalDepthTransmittance(HR, r, muS); double depth2 = _opticalDepthTransmittance(HM, r, muS); Color trans; trans.r = exp(-(betaR.r * depth1 + betaMEx.x * depth2)); trans.g = exp(-(betaR.g * depth1 + betaMEx.y * depth2)); trans.b = exp(-(betaR.b * depth1 + betaMEx.z * depth2)); trans.a = 1.0; result.data[y * result.xsize + x] = trans; /* Eq (5) */ } } #endif return result; } static inline void _getTransmittanceUV(double r, double mu, double* u, double* v) { #ifdef TRANSMITTANCE_NON_LINEAR *v = sqrt((r - Rg) / (Rt - Rg)); *u = atan((mu + 0.15) / (1.0 + 0.15) * tan(1.5)) / 1.5; #else *v = (r - Rg) / (Rt - Rg); *u = (mu + 0.15) / (1.0 + 0.15); #endif } /* transmittance(=transparency) of atmosphere for infinite ray (r,mu) (mu=cos(view zenith angle)), intersections with ground ignored */ static Color _transmittance(double r, double mu) { double u, v; _getTransmittanceUV(r, mu, &u, &v); return _texture2D(&_transmittanceTexture, u, v); } static void _getIrradianceRMuS(double x, double y, double* r, double* muS) { *r = Rg + y * (Rt - Rg); *muS = -0.2 + x * (1.0 + 0.2); } static Texture2D _precomputeIrrDeltaETexture() { Texture2D result; int x, y; result.xsize = SKY_W; result.ysize = SKY_H; result.data = malloc(sizeof(Color) * result.xsize * result.ysize); /* TODO free */ /* Irradiance program */ for (x = 0; x < result.xsize; x++) { for (y = 0; y < result.ysize; y++) { double r, muS, u, v; Color trans, irr; _getIrradianceRMuS((double)x / result.xsize, (double)y / result.ysize, &r, &muS); trans = _transmittance(r, muS); _getTransmittanceUV(r, muS, &u, &v); //printf("%d %d -> %f %f -> %f %f %f\n", x, y, u, v, trans.r, trans.g, trans.b); irr.r = trans.r * max(muS, 0.0); irr.g = trans.g * max(muS, 0.0); irr.b = trans.b * max(muS, 0.0); irr.a = 1.0; result.data[y * result.xsize + x] = irr; } } return result; } /* nearest intersection of ray r,mu with ground or top atmosphere boundary * mu=cos(ray zenith angle at ray origin) */ static double limit(double r, double mu) { double dout = -r * mu + sqrt(r * r * (mu * mu - 1.0) + RL * RL); double delta2 = r * r * (mu * mu - 1.0) + Rg * Rg; if (delta2 >= 0.0) { double din = -r * mu - sqrt(delta2); if (din >= 0.0) { dout = min(dout, din); } } return dout; } static double _opticalDepthTransmittance(double H, double r, double mu) { double result = 0.0; double dx = limit(r, mu) / (double)TRANSMITTANCE_INTEGRAL_SAMPLES; double xi = 0.0; double yi = exp(-(r - Rg) / H); int i; for (i = 1; i <= TRANSMITTANCE_INTEGRAL_SAMPLES; ++i) { double xj = (double)i * dx; double yj = exp(-(sqrt(r * r + xj * xj + 2.0 * xj * r * mu) - Rg) / H); result += (yi + yj) / 2.0 * dx; xi = xj; yi = yj; } return mu < -sqrt(1.0 - (Rg / r) * (Rg / r)) ? 1e9 : result; } static void _getTransmittanceRMu(double x, double y, double* r, double* muS) { #ifdef TRANSMITTANCE_NON_LINEAR *r = Rg + (y * y) * (Rt - Rg); *muS = -0.15 + tan(1.5 * x) / tan(1.5) * (1.0 + 0.15); #else *r = Rg + y * (Rt - Rg); *muS = -0.15 + x * (1.0 + 0.15); #endif } static Color _debugSave2D(void* data, int x, int y) { Texture2D* tex = (Texture2D*)data; return tex->data[y * tex->xsize + x]; } static Texture2D _precomputeTransmittanceTexture() { Texture2D result; int x, y; result.xsize = 256; result.ysize = 64; result.data = malloc(sizeof(Color) * result.xsize * result.ysize); /* TODO free */ for (x = 0; x < result.xsize; x++) { for (y = 0; y < result.ysize; y++) { double r, muS; _getTransmittanceRMu((double)x / result.xsize, (double)y / result.ysize, &r, &muS); double depth1 = _opticalDepthTransmittance(HR, r, muS); double depth2 = _opticalDepthTransmittance(HM, r, muS); Color trans; trans.r = exp(-(betaR.r * depth1 + betaMEx.x * depth2)); trans.g = exp(-(betaR.g * depth1 + betaMEx.y * depth2)); trans.b = exp(-(betaR.b * depth1 + betaMEx.z * depth2)); trans.a = 1.0; result.data[y * result.xsize + x] = trans; /* Eq (5) */ } } return result; } void brunetonInit() { if (_transmittanceTexture.xsize == 0) /* TEMP */ { _transmittanceTexture = _precomputeTransmittanceTexture(); _irrDeltaETexture = _precomputeIrrDeltaETexture(); //_inscatterSampler = _precomputeInscatterSampler(); } /* DEBUG */ systemSavePictureFile("transmittance.png", _debugSave2D, &_transmittanceTexture, _transmittanceTexture.xsize, _transmittanceTexture.ysize); systemSavePictureFile("irrdeltae.png", _debugSave2D, &_irrDeltaETexture, _irrDeltaETexture.xsize, _irrDeltaETexture.ysize); exit(1); } /* transmittance(=transparency) of atmosphere for ray (r,mu) of length d (mu=cos(view zenith angle)), intersections with ground ignored uses analytic formula instead of transmittance texture */ static Vector3 _analyticTransmittance(double r, double mu, double d) { Vector3 result; double opt = _opticalDepth(HR, r, mu, d); result.x = exp(-betaR.r * opt) - betaMEx.x * opt; result.y = exp(-betaR.g * opt) - betaMEx.y * opt; result.z = exp(-betaR.b * opt) - betaMEx.z * opt; return result; } static inline Color _applyInscatter(Color inscatter, Color attmod, Color samp) { inscatter.r = inscatter.r - attmod.r * samp.r; inscatter.g = inscatter.g - attmod.g * samp.g; inscatter.b = inscatter.b - attmod.b * samp.b; inscatter.a = inscatter.a - attmod.a * samp.a; return vec4max(inscatter, 0.0); } /* inscattered light along ray x+tv, when sun in direction s (=S[L]-T(x,x0)S[L]|x0) */ static Color _inscatter(Vector3* _x, double* _t, Vector3 v, Vector3 s, double* _r, double* _mu, Vector3* attenuation) { Color result; double r = v3Norm(*_x); double mu = v3Dot(*_x, v) / r; double d = -r * mu - sqrt(r * r * (mu * mu - 1.0) + Rt * Rt); if (d > 0.0) { /* if x in space and ray intersects atmosphere move x to nearest intersection of ray with top atmosphere boundary */ _x->x += d * v.x; _x->y += d * v.y; _x->z += d * v.z; *_t -= d; mu = (r * mu + d) / Rt; r = Rt; } double t = *_t; Vector3 x = *_x; if (r <= Rt) { /* if ray intersects atmosphere */ double nu = v3Dot(v, s); double muS = v3Dot(x, s) / r; double phaseR = _phaseFunctionR(nu); double phaseM = _phaseFunctionM(nu); Color inscatter = vec4max(_texture4D(&_inscatterSampler, r, mu, muS, nu), 0.0); if (t > 0.0) { Vector3 x0 = v3Add(x, v3Scale(v, t)); double r0 = v3Norm(x0); double rMu0 = v3Dot(x0, v); double mu0 = rMu0 / r0; double muS0 = v3Dot(x0, s) / r0; #ifdef FIX /* avoids imprecision problems in transmittance computations based on textures */ *attenuation = _analyticTransmittance(r, mu, t); #else *attenuation = _transmittance(r, mu, v, x0); #endif if (r0 > Rg + 0.01) { /* computes S[L]-T(x,x0)S[L]|x0 */ Color attmod = {attenuation->x, attenuation->y, attenuation->z, attenuation->x}; Color samp = _texture4D(&_inscatterSampler, r0, mu0, muS0, nu); inscatter = _applyInscatter(inscatter, attmod, samp); #ifdef FIX /* avoids imprecision problems near horizon by interpolating between two points above and below horizon */ const double EPS = 0.004; double muHoriz = -sqrt(1.0 - (Rg / r) * (Rg / r)); if (fabs(mu - muHoriz) < EPS) { double a = ((mu - muHoriz) + EPS) / (2.0 * EPS); mu = muHoriz - EPS; r0 = sqrt(r * r + t * t + 2.0 * r * t * mu); mu0 = (r * mu + t) / r0; Color inScatter0 = _texture4D(&_inscatterSampler, r, mu, muS, nu); Color inScatter1 = _texture4D(&_inscatterSampler, r0, mu0, muS0, nu); Color inScatterA = _applyInscatter(inScatter0, attmod, inScatter1); mu = muHoriz + EPS; r0 = sqrt(r * r + t * t + 2.0 * r * t * mu); mu0 = (r * mu + t) / r0; inScatter0 = _texture4D(&_inscatterSampler, r, mu, muS, nu); inScatter1 = _texture4D(&_inscatterSampler, r0, mu0, muS0, nu); Color inScatterB = _applyInscatter(inScatter0, attmod, inScatter1); inscatter = vec4mix(inScatterA, inScatterB, a); } #endif } } #ifdef FIX /* avoids imprecision problems in Mie scattering when sun is below horizon */ inscatter.a *= smoothstep(0.00, 0.02, muS); #endif Color mie = getMie(inscatter); result.r = inscatter.r * phaseR + mie.r * phaseM; result.g = inscatter.g * phaseR + mie.g * phaseM; result.b = inscatter.b * phaseR + mie.b * phaseM; result.a = inscatter.a * phaseR + mie.a * phaseM; _fixVec4Min(&result, 0.0); } else { /* x in space and ray looking in space */ result = COLOR_BLACK; } *_r = r; *_mu = mu; result.r *= ISun; result.g *= ISun; result.b *= ISun; result.a = 1.0; return result; } /*ground radiance at end of ray x+tv, when sun in direction s *attenuated bewteen ground and viewer (=R[L0]+R[L*]) */ /*static Color _groundColor(Vector3 x, double t, Vector3 v, Vector3 s, double r, double mu, Color attenuation) { Color result; if (t > 0.0) { // if ray hits ground surface // ground reflectance at end of ray, x0 Vector3 x0 = v3Add(x, v3Scale(v, t)); float r0 = v3Norm(x0); Vector3 n = v3Scale(x0, 1.0 / r0); vec2 coords = vec2(atan(n.y, n.x), acos(n.z)) * vec2(0.5, 1.0) / M_PI + vec2(0.5, 0.0); Color reflectance; if (r0 > Rg + 0.01) { reflectance = vec4(0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.0); } else { reflectance = texture2D(reflectanceSampler, coords) * vec4(0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.0); } // direct sun light (radiance) reaching x0 float muS = v3Dot(n, s); Color sunLight = _transmittanceWithShadow(r0, muS); // precomputed sky light (irradiance) (=E[L*]) at x0 Color groundSkyLight = irradiance(irradianceSampler, r0, muS); // light reflected at x0 (=(R[L0]+R[L*])/T(x,x0)) Color groundColor = reflectance.rgb * (max(muS, 0.0) * sunLight + groundSkyLight) * ISun / M_PI; // water specular color due to sunLight if (reflectance.w > 0.0) { vec3 h = normalize(s - v); float fresnel = 0.02 + 0.98 * pow(1.0 - dot(-v, h), 5.0); float waterBrdf = fresnel * pow(max(dot(h, n), 0.0), 150.0); groundColor += reflectance.w * max(waterBrdf, 0.0) * sunLight * ISun; } result = attenuation * groundColor; //=R[L0]+R[L*] } else { // ray looking at the sky return COLOR_BLACK; } return result; }*/ /* transmittance(=transparency) of atmosphere for infinite ray (r,mu) (mu=cos(view zenith angle)), or zero if ray intersects ground */ static Color _transmittanceWithShadow(double r, double mu) { return mu < -sqrt(1.0 - (Rg / r) * (Rg / r)) ? COLOR_BLACK : _transmittance(r, mu); } /* direct sun light for ray x+tv, when sun in direction s (=L0) */ static Color _sunColor(Vector3 x, double t, Vector3 v, Vector3 s, double r, double mu) { if (t > 0.0) { return COLOR_BLACK; } else { Color transmittance = r <= Rt ? _transmittanceWithShadow(r, mu) : COLOR_WHITE; // T(x,xo) double isun = step(cos(M_PI / 180.0), v3Dot(v, s)) * ISun; // Lsun transmittance.r *= isun; transmittance.g *= isun; transmittance.b *= isun; transmittance.a *= isun; return transmittance; // Eq (9) } } static Color _hdr(Color c1, Color c2, Color c3) { Color L = {c1.r + c2.r + c3.r, c1.g + c2.g + c3.g, c1.b + c2.b + c3.b, 1.0}; L.r *= exposure; L.g *= exposure; L.b *= exposure; L.a *= exposure; L.r = L.r < 1.413 ? pow(L.r * 0.38317, 1.0 / 2.2) : 1.0 - exp(-L.r); L.g = L.g < 1.413 ? pow(L.g * 0.38317, 1.0 / 2.2) : 1.0 - exp(-L.g); L.b = L.b < 1.413 ? pow(L.b * 0.38317, 1.0 / 2.2) : 1.0 - exp(-L.b); return L; } Color brunetonGetSkyColor(AtmosphereDefinition* definition, Vector3 eye, Vector3 direction, Vector3 sun_position) { Vector3 x = {0.0, Rg + eye.y, 0.0}; Vector3 v = v3Normalize(direction); Vector3 s = v3Normalize(v3Sub(sun_position, eye)); double r = v3Norm(x); double mu = v3Dot(x, v) / r; double t = -r * mu - sqrt(r * r * (mu * mu - 1.0) + Rg * Rg); Vector3 g = {0.0, 0.0, Rg + 10.0}; g = v3Sub(x, g); double a = v.x * v.x + v.y * v.y - v.z * v.z; double b = 2.0 * (g.x * v.x + g.y * v.y - g.z * v.z); double c = g.x * g.x + g.y * g.y - g.z * g.z; double d = -(b + sqrt(b * b - 4.0 * a * c)) / (2.0 * a); int cone = d > 0.0 && fabs(x.z + d * v.z - Rg) <= 10.0; if (t > 0.0) { if (cone && d < t) { t = d; } } else if (cone) { t = d; } Vector3 attenuation; Color inscatterColor = _inscatter(&x, &t, v, s, &r, &mu, &attenuation); //S[L]-T(x,xs)S[l]|xs /*Color groundColor = _groundColor(x, t, v, s, r, mu, attenuation); //R[L0]+R[L*]*/ Color groundColor = COLOR_BLACK; Color sunColor = _sunColor(x, t, v, s, r, mu); //L0 return _hdr(sunColor, groundColor, inscatterColor); // Eq (16) } #else Color brunetonGetSkyColor(AtmosphereDefinition* definition, Vector3 eye, Vector3 direction, Vector3 sun_position) { return COLOR_BLACK; } #endif